An investigation of syntactic borrowing in Efik language among diaspora communities in Calabar
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Background of the study
The Efik language, renowned for its intricate syntactic structures, is undergoing notable changes within diaspora communities in Calabar due to syntactic borrowing. Syntactic borrowing occurs when speakers incorporate structural elements from another language, often as a result of prolonged contact and social integration (Obi, 2023). In diaspora settings, where multilingual interactions are commonplace, Efik speakers frequently adopt syntactic features from dominant languages such as English. This study investigates how these borrowed elements alter traditional Efik syntax and influence language identity (Ike, 2024). By analyzing both spoken and written texts from diaspora communities, the research will document changes in clause structures, word order, and sentence construction. Social factors such as media influence, generational language transmission, and community integration play critical roles in this process (Ekong, 2025). The study aims to bridge the gap between traditional linguistic practices and the dynamic nature of language contact, providing insights into how innovative syntactic forms emerge while challenging established grammatical norms.
Statement of the problem
There is a dearth of research focusing on syntactic borrowing in Efik among diaspora communities in Calabar. While lexical borrowing is well-documented, the transfer of syntactic structures remains largely unexplored (Udo, 2023). Preliminary observations suggest that diaspora speakers are increasingly integrating foreign syntactic patterns into Efik, potentially compromising traditional grammar. This study seeks to document and analyze these borrowings, examining their causes and implications for language identity and structural integrity.
Objectives of the study
- To identify instances of syntactic borrowing in Efik among diaspora communities.
- To analyze the structural changes resulting from these borrowings.
- To evaluate the impact of syntactic borrowing on language identity and purity.
Research questions - What syntactic elements are most commonly borrowed in diaspora Efik usage?
- How do these borrowed structures differ from traditional Efik syntax?
- What social factors contribute to the prevalence of syntactic borrowing?
Significance of the study
This study is significant as it sheds light on the understudied phenomenon of syntactic borrowing in Efik among diaspora communities. Its findings will contribute to theoretical models of language contact and offer practical insights for language preservation, informing linguists, educators, and policymakers (Nnamdi, 2024).
Scope and limitations of the study
This study is limited to the investigation of syntactic borrowing in the Efik language within diaspora communities in Calabar. It does not address lexical borrowing or syntactic changes in native settings.
Definitions of terms - Syntactic Borrowing: The adoption of grammatical structures from one language into another.
- Diaspora: A community of people living outside their ancestral homeland.
- Language Identity: The cultural and personal sense of belonging expressed through language use.
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